Reforming the contract of UK consultants

The NHS Plan expressed the intention of government to "fundamentally overhaul" the national contract for UK hospital specialists to "reward and incentivise those who do most for the NHS." How can this be achieved

A cognitive model of fiction writing.

Models of the writing process are used to design software tools for writers who work with computers. This thesis is concerned with the construction of a model of fiction writing. The first stage in this construction is to review existing models of writing. Models of writing used in software design and writing research include behavioural, cognitive and linguistic varieties. The arguments of this thesis are, firstly, that current models do not provide an adequate basis for designing software tools for fiction writers. Secondly, research into writing is often based on questionable assumptions concerning language and linguistics, the interpretation of empirical research, and the development of cognitive models. It is argued that Saussure's linguistics provides an alternative basis for developing a model of fiction writing, and that Barthes' method of textual analysis provides insight into the ways in which readers and writers create meanings. The result of reviewing current models of writing is a basic model of writing, consisting of a cycle of three activities - thinking, writing, and reading. The next stage is to develop this basic model into a model of fiction writing by using narratology, textual analysis, and cognitive psychology to identify the kinds of thinking processes that create fictional texts. Remembering and imagining events and scenes are identified as basic processes in fiction writing; in cognitive terms, events are verbal representations, while scenes are visual representations. Syntax is identified as another distinct object of thought, to which the processes of remembering and imagining also apply. Genette's notion of focus in his analysis of text types is used to describe the role of characters in the writer's imagination: focusing the imagination is a process in which a writer imagines she is someone else, and it is shown how this process applies to events, scenes, and syntax. It is argued that a writer's story memory, influences his remembering and imagining; Todorov's work on symbolism is used to argue that interpretation plays the role in fiction writing of binding together these two processes. The role of naming in reading and its relation to problem solving is compared with its role in writing, and names or signifiers are added to the objects of thought in fiction writing. It is argued that problem solving in fiction writing is sometimes concerned with creating problems or mysteries for the reader, and it is shown how this process applies to events, scenes, signifiers and syntax. All these findings are presented in the form of a cognitive model of fiction writing. The question of testing is discussed, and the use of the model in designing software tools is illustrated by the description of a hypertextual aid for fiction writers

Naughty or not: an investigation into student teachers’ perceptions of attachment disorder

This paper will present a small-scale study into the perceptions of student teachers from a University in England (UK) to drivers behind children's behaviour. The study will examine students’ perceptions before and after they have been given a short introduction to the theory and practice around Attachment Disorder in the UK. This paper will also consider what the implications are for inclusive practice when an understanding of a child's emotional development is considered by the teachers they encounter. This study will be placed in the context of current research, legislature, political ideology and socio-economic drivers in England and Wales (UK)

Challenges for the National Institute for Clinical Excellence

Rationing health care is inevitable, and NICE should inform NHS decision making. Adoption of new technologies by NHS clinicians should be informed by costs as well as effectiveness. The NHS needs better information from NICE on the equity implications of new and existing technologies. NICE appraisal should focus not only on service enhancement but also on withdrawal of existing ineffective or inefficient therapies. Giving NICE a real budget to fund its recommendations would encourage it to examine the effect of its decisions on the whole NHS

Impact of NICE guidance on laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernias: analysis of interrupted time series

After the introduction of Bassini's procedure in the late 19th century, methods of repairing hernias changed little until the 1990s, when synthetic mesh and laparoscopic methods arrived. In contrast to the open mesh technique, laparoscopic surgery remains uncommon. In January 2001, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued guidance that stated, "For repair of primary inguinal hernia, open [mesh] should be the preferred surgical procedure." We describe patterns of surgical repair of inguinal hernias and assess the impact of NICE's guidance

The liminality of loneliness: negotiating feminist ethics and intersectional affectivity

This paper draws on auto-ethnographic and creative material to disentangle loneliness as including moments of tension but also the potential for personal liberation. The analysis draws on intersectional reflexivity as a joint project building on feminist friendship and activist academic collaboration. Our collaborative critical auto-ethnography sought to reach the co-production of narratives of loneliness while embracing the diversities of our positionalities. Our differing points of departure and arrival were harnessed to understand our experiential perspectives on loneliness. We conceptualise through feminist and intersectional theories the liminalities of a ‘biopolitics’ of loneliness. We address ethical, affective and performative aspects of how loneliness is understood. We can then advance propositions for alternative analyses that can contribute to feminist studies of loneliness. In the analysis we clarify the often nebulous interconnections of materialisms, affectivities and ethical feminisms to disentangle loneliness from the ‘individual experience’ to a ‘social platform’ of wider collective responsibility in tackling some of its traumatic and destructive effects. We explore these issues in the emerging context of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic that has led to far reaching social, psychological, and physical impacts upon loneliness, in turn augmented by UK state policies

The mobility of charge-carriers in dielectric liquids

This thesis describes work carried out in the Department of Applied Physics, Durham University, from October 1964 to September 1967. The work was a continuation of investigations, under the supervision of Dr. M.J. Mo rant, into the electrical properties of dielectric liquids. The work of Sletten in 1959 and that of Morant and Kahan in 1964 has shown that dissolved oxygen has a marked effect on the breakdown strength and the conductivity of a typical dielectric liquid, n-hexane. The present investigation shows that the reduced breakdown strength and increased conductivity observed on de-gassing hexane may not be explained in terms of an increase in carrier mobility. The mobility of photo-injected carriers in highly de-gassed hexane is found to be no greater than the mobility of the same carriers in air-saturated liquid. Further, no increase of mobility with applied field is observed in the de-gassed liquid for fields up to 140 KV/cm; nor is there any indication, under these conditions, of the existence of an additional 'fast' carrier. The variation of the injected current with both the applied field and the degree of oxidation of the cathode, however, indicates that the 'oxygen effect' referred to above is an electrode, surface phenomenon and not a property of the liquid itself. The current transients from which the mobility determinations were made are not exactly of the form predicted by simple theory. This and other anomalous observations indicate a strong interaction between the charge-carriers and the neutral liquid molecules. Such an interaction is consistent with self-trapping of the injected carriers by polarization of the surrounding medium. Suggestions for further work on the identification of the charge-carriers in dielectric liquids and on the factors affecting breakdown and conductivity are made in the text

A survey of partial differential equations in geometric design

YesComputer aided geometric design is an area where the improvement of surface generation techniques is an everlasting demand since faster and more accurate geometric models are required. Traditional methods for generating surfaces were initially mainly based upon interpolation algorithms. Recently, partial differential equations (PDE) were introduced as a valuable tool for geometric modelling since they offer a number of features from which these areas can benefit. This work summarises the uses given to PDE surfaces as a surface generation technique togethe

Orientation and solvatochromism of dyes in liquid crystals.

The orientation and solvatochromism of some dye molecules in a liquid crystal have been investigated. Interactions with the host and the structure of the dye molecule affect the macroscopic alignment of dichroic dye molecules in a liquid crystal: It was observed that some dye molecules show a large bathochromic shift of their absorption maxima in the liquid crystal host relative to the situation in isotropic solvents. It is suggested that this is due to the occurrence of a much weaker reaction field in the anisotropic, rigid host. These dye molecules show little or no apparent order in the anisotropic host despite the observation of a reduction in the electro optic switching time when the dye is present. The highest degree of macroscopic alignment was observed for a merocyanine compound, which showed the smallest solvatochromic shift in the liquid crystal host. These results are discussed in terms of the steric, dipolar and hydrogen bond interactions between the guest and the host

Why do people opt-out or not opt-out of automatic enrolment? A focus group study of automatic enrolment into a workplace pension in the United Kingdom

Automatic enrolment (AE) into a workplace pension is an important recent development in pension policy. An important question for this policy is why do people opt-out or not opt-out of AE? This question is important for understanding the power of suggestion associated with AE as well as responding to concerns that women might face undue pressure to opt-out. This article addresses this question through a focus group study into the United Kingdom’s new AE policy. Women were more likely than men to cite lack of affordability as a reason for opting out. Lack of information also seemed important for the power of suggestion associated with AE. Further research should explore how to make AE less gender blind as well as the types of information or advice that should be provided alongside AE